Frankenstein Essays (626 words) - Frankenstein,

Frankenstein Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley is a complex novel that was written during the age of Romanticism. It contains many typical themes of a common Romantic novel such as dark laboratories, the moon, and a monster; however, Frankenstein is anything but a common novel. Many lessons are embedded into this novel, including how society acts towards the different. The monster fell victim to the system commonly used to characterize a person by only his or her outer appearance. Whether people like it or not, society always summarizes a person's characteristics by his or her physical appearance. Society has set an unbreakable code individuals must follow to be accepted. Those who don't follow the "standard" are hated by the crowd and banned for the reason of being different. When the monster ventured into a town"...[monster] had hardly placed [his] foot within the door ...children shrieked, and ...women fainted" (101). From that moment on he realized that people did not like his appearance and hated him because of it. If villagers didn't run away at the sight of him, then they might have even enjoyed his personality. The monster tried to accomplish this when he encountered the De Lacey family. The monster hoped to gain friendship from the old man and eventually his children. He knew that it could have been possible because the old man was blind, he could not see the monster's repulsive characteristics. But fate was against him and the "wretched" had barely conversed with the old man before his children returned from their journey and saw a monstrous creature at the foot of their father attempting to do harm to the helpless elder. "Felix darted forward, and with supernatural force tore [the creature] from his father..." (129). Felix's action caused great inner pain to the monster. He knew that his dream of living with them "happily ever after" would not happen. After that bitter moment the monster believed that "...the human senses are insurmountable barriers to our union [with the monster]" (138) and with the De Lacey encounter still fresh in his mind along with his first encounter of humans, he declared war on the human race. The wicked being's source of hatred toward humans originates from his first experiences with humans. In a way the monster started out with a child-like innocence that was eventually shattered by being constantly rejected by society time after time. His first encounter with humans was when he opened his yellow eyes for the first time and witnessed Victor Frankenstein, his creator, "...rush out of the [laboratory]..." (56). Would this have had happened if society did not consider physical appearance to be important? No. If physical appearance were not important then the creature would have had a chance of being accepted into the community with love and care. But society does believe that physical appearance is important and it does influence the way people act towards each other. Frankenstein should have made him less offending if even he, the creator, could not stand his disgusting appearance. There was a moment however when Frankenstein "...was moved..." (139) by the creature. He "...felt what the duties of a creator..." (97) were and decided that he had to make another creature, a companion for the original. But haunting images of his creation (from the monster's first moment of life) gave him an instinctive feeling that the monster would do menacing acts with his companion, wreaking twice the havoc! Reoccurring images of painful events originating from a first encounter could fill a person with hate and destruction. We as a society are the ones responsible for the transformation of the once child-like creature into the monster we all know. The public needs to know that our society has flaws and they must be removed before our primal instincts continue to isolate and hurt the people who are different. With such a large amount of technology among us, some people may wonder why such an advanced civilization still clings on to such primitive ways of categorizing people.

What Is the Endoplasmic Reticulum What Does It Do

What Is the Endoplasmic Reticulum What Does It Do SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re getting ready for the AP Biology exam, then you’re probably spending quite a bit of time studying cell structure. But keeping all the structures straight and understanding each one’s function can be confusing! That’s why we’re breaking down cell structures for you, starting with the endoplasmic reticulum, or ER. In this article, we’ll teach you everything you need to know about the endoplasmic reticulum, including how it functions in a cell. We’ll even break down the differences between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum! Ready? Then let’s get started! A Quick Introduction to Cell Structure The endoplasmic reticulum is an essential part of a cell. In your biology class, you probably learned that cells are the building blocks of all life...including humans! Obviously, that makes cells super important, which is why it’s also important to understand how they function. Because plants and animals are complex creatures, the structure of a cell is complex, too. Each cell is made up of many individual parts, each of which has a job within the cell itself! Some help keep everything in one place (like the cell membrane), some produce energy to power the cell (the mitochondria), and there are even parts that help keep the cell clean (lysosomes)! These different structures found within cells are called organelles. The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that can be found in both eukaryotic (animal) and prokaryotic (plant) cells. Just keep in mind that not all cells have endoplasmic reticulum! For example, red blood cells don’t have endoplasmic reticuli, even though they’re an important part of animal biology! Endoplasmic Reticulum Definition The endoplasmic reticulum is defined as an organelle that is made up of a series of phospholipid membranes. In fact, the membranes that make up the endoplasmic reticulum can account for half of a cell’s total membrane structure in animal cells! These membranes are called cisternae, are shaped like tubes or sacs, and are continuous with the outer membrane of the cell’s nucleus. That’s a fancy way of saying that the endoplasmic reticulum is attached to the nucleus itself. Endoplasmic Reticulum Function Now let’s talk a little bit more about how an endoplasmic reticulum functions. In general, the endoplasmic reticulum helps with the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins and lipids. The endoplasmic reticulum does this through ribosomes that are attached to its membrane walls. (We’ll talk more about how this works a little later). The endoplasmic reticulum also stores calcium and releases it when the cell needs it. In fact, many of the proteins and lipids made by the endoplasmic reticulum are used by other organelles in the cell. One of the best ways to understand- and remember!- what the endoplasmic reticulum does is to think of it like a factory. In a manufacturing plant, people take raw materials and make it into something new and usable, which they then ship to other stores, manufacturers, and suppliers around the world. Just like a real-world factory, the endoplasmic reticulum builds the â€Å"products† a cell needs to function, then â€Å"ships† them to where they need to go, when they need to go there. CFCF/WikimediaCommons Endoplasmic Reticulum Appearance So what does the endoplasmic reticulum look like, exactly? Well, do you remember the mazes that you could find in coloring books when you were a kid? The endoplasmic reticulum looks a lot like that! The cisternae stretch out and away from the cell nucleus in a series of folds and tubes, and they extend throughout the cell almost like a highway system. So when you’re looking at a cell diagram, look for the maze-like structure that’s attached to the cell nucleus. That’s the endoplasmic reticulum! You might notice that cell diagrams often picture some areas of the endoplasmic reticulum with bumps, while other sections look smooth. That’s because endoplasmic reticulum is actually comprised of two pieces: the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Knowing how these different areas work is important to understanding the function of the endoplasmic reticulum as a whole. CFCF/Wikimedia Commons Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum The rough endoplasmic reticulum, or RER, gets its name from the ribosomes embedded in its surface...which make it look rough! The rough endoplasmic reticulum is situated closest to the nucleus- in fact, it’s attached to the nuclear envelope- so that molecules can move directly between the membranes. The ribosomes that are attached to the walls of the rough endoplasmic reticulum function just like free ribosomes would. That means that they synthesize proteins, which provide the energy needed for a cell to operate. The process of creating proteins is called translation. One the ribosomes have synthesized a protein, they are â€Å"labeled† with a specific final destination. Some proteins are sent to the Golgi apparatus, while others are secreted into the cell exterior or kept within the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum itself. There are certain proteins that are sent into the space within the rough endoplasmic reticulum. This space, which is also called the lumen, is where certain proteins are folded, modified, and assembled. Some of these proteins will have sugar groups added to them to form glycoproteins. Likewise, some of these new proteins will be transported out of the endoplasmic reticulum, while others will stay inside the endoplasmic reticulum to perform functions there. The lumen is also where the endoplasmic reticulum does its â€Å"quality control.† When misfolded or otherwise incorrect proteins accumulate in the lumen, the unfolded protein response (or UPR) is triggered. This tells the cell to reduce the amount of protein its producing while enhancing the endoplasmic reticulum’s protein-folding ability. If the problem doesn’t correct itself, it triggers apoptosis, or programmed cell death. One super cool note: the ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum aren’t permanently attached to the membrane itself. That means that new ribosomes can detach and attach depending on the proteins the cell needs! CFCF/Wikimedia Commons Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Unlike the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum doesn’t have any ribosomes attached to it. That makes it look smooth- which is how it gets its name! The smooth endoplasmic reticulum’s function is almost exclusively to make lipids, like phospholipids and cholesterol. How these lipids are used depends on the cell type. Lipids can be used to create new cell membranes, create hormones, and store energy. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum also helps detoxify the cell by converting toxic organic chemicals into safer, water soluble products. Fun fact: when there are lots of toxins present, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum can double its surface area to help clear them out. It will then return to normal size after the toxins have been removed. Liver cells have large amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum for this very purpose! Finally, there’s a type of specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum called the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is found in muscle cells and is used to store calcium ions that muscles need to function. When muscles experience sustained activity, the sarcoplasmic reticulum can release the stored calcium ions to help the muscles function. Additional Resources If you’ve read through this guide and still would like to know more about how the endoplasmic reticulum works, here are a few other resources that you can check out. Khan Academy Khan Academy has tons of free resources on all sorts of topics including cell structure. Their video on the endoplasmic reticulum is really helpful, and they have articles about it on their website, too. The British Society for Cell Biology The British Society for Cell Biology is a British non-profit organization dedicated to advancing cell biology research, which includes sharing knowledge and information. One of the ways they do this is through educational material, which they share on their website. Their softCell e-Learning portal has tons of good information about all the organelles of a cell, including the endoplasmic reticulum. CrashCourse Who said studying has to be boring? The CrashCourse channel on YouTube- hosted by none other than John and Hank Green of VlogBrothers fame- is all about creating fun and informational educational content. Hank’s series on animal cells is a great resource, and the fourth video in the series (Eukaryopolis!) gives you an overview of the endoplasmic reticulum. What’s Next? Need to brush up on more than just the endoplasmic reticulum before tackling the AP Biology exam? Grabbing a workbook or textbook might be your best bet. Here’s a curated list of the best AP Biology books to help you study harder and smarter. If you’re feeling overwhelmed by the AP Biology exam, you’re not alone. There are lots of students who find this test tricky! That’s why we’ve put together a complete AP Biology review guide. It breaks down all of the topics that might appear on the exam, so you can figure out exactly what you need to study. (It also includes some great study tips, too!) The best way to figure out if you’re prepared for the AP Biology test is to take a practice exam. Here’s a list of every AP Biology practice test available. And the best news? They’re free!

Aceto 10K Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Aceto 10K - Essay Example The companies are primarily located in the United States, Europe, and Asia-Pacific regions. The customers range from small enterprises to large firms (Aceto, 2014). The financial analysis was from the fiscal year that ended on June 30, 2014. The Human Health segment had net sales of $160,217, which represented a 23.6% increase from the previous year. The Pharmaceutical Ingredients segment had a net sale of $176,425, a 4.6% decrease from the prior year. The Performance Chemicals segment had net sales of $173,537, a decrease of 6.3% from the previous year. The Pharmaceutical Ingredients section seems to be the largest contributor to the net income of the company followed by the Performance Chemicals segment. Ironically, the two significant contributors dropped yet the overall net sales of the company increased by 2.1% to $510,179. It seems the vast rise in the Health Segment were enough to buffer the shortcomings in the other segments (Aceto, 2014). The company faces a lot of risks that could affect its financial performance in the future. Being a business that first sources before distributing products, it faces a significant challenge in case some of its suppliers close down or decide to sell their products. Also, low-quality products from the suppliers can affect the company’s image if the goods manage to reach the consumers. Another risk factor that could face the company is the increasingly invention of new technology in the health and pharmaceutical fields. For example, genetic engineering and gene-based medications could pose a big threat to the products of the

The Jubilee Debt Campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Jubilee Debt Campaign - Essay Example This paper suggests that while reckless or self-interested lending by the rich world is indeed a factor, one significant aspect that must be neglected is the weakness of the developing countries with regard to its democratic institutions and regulatory mechanisms. In many, if not most, instances, it is the leaders of the developing countries themselves that subvert the development trajectory of the respective nations and compromise the well-being of their citizens. Domestic policy has played a big, if not key role, in the debt crisis of the third world. Leftwich suggests that official Western aid policy and development thinking is dominated by a new orthodoxy that good governance and democracy is not only desirable but also necessary. In many aid and loan agreements, however, precisely what is being taken advantage of is the dismal lack of democratic structures and glaring issues of governance. The point is that it is impossible to work out an economic recovery program while followin g the debt-repayment schedule of the creditors. Despite two decades of death relief efforts, the problem still remains. Hardships are evident, and many mass protests have taken place as a result of these hardships. A very good example of this is when precious government resources are channeled to debt restructuring instead of capital expenditures. The researcher takes a look at the example of Asian countries during the period of 1985 to 1995. Contrary to doctrinaire free-market economics, institutional economists argue that government financial resources devoted to building physical or social infrastructure or shoring up domestic demand â€Å"crowd in† rather than â€Å"crowd out† private investment, including foreign investment. For instance, one key study of a panel of developing economies from1980 to 1997 found that public investment, complemented private investment, and that, on average, a 10-percent increase in public investment was associated with a 2-percent inc rease in private investment.

Writing for Different Cultures and Audiences Annotated Bibliography

Writing for Different Cultures and Audiences - Annotated Bibliography Example For this kind of research, it plays the role of acquainting the research with the basic information on Australian culture and how culture has changed from time to time. Clancy talks about the evolution of Australia from the time when it was only inhabited by the Aboriginals to the moment when immigrants began arriving and settling in the Island. The book traces the arrival of Europeans in the 18th century and also examines the people of Anglo=Irish origin who migrated to Australia. It sort of talks about the Australian identity and highlights the popularity of Christianity and how globalization has led to urbanization of the bush that Australia was. Apart from giving a chronological account of the metamorphosis of Australia, the book also covers tourism, sports and its significance, national barbeque and the influence that Indians and Europeans have on the country. The book is important for the research because it covers the fundamental issues of Australian culture and it evolution. It, however, fails to properly cover the Aboriginals who form the basis of Australian culture. It, however, still forms the basis of the research and will be used toget her with other books to get a conclusive research on Australian culture. In this book, Colson covers the culture of the Aboriginals. The Aboriginals are the indigenous people of Australia, who have complained about the atrocity committed against them by the immigrants who moved to Australia. Their culture was affected by the influx of people into Australia. However, they form a significant basis of Australian cultural history. Colson chronicles the culture of the Aboriginals their ceremonies, art and how their culture has influenced Australia. It also covers the family structure and society of other indigenous Australian cultures. It is a short book but has important information on the culture of Aboriginals. Since it is

Contract Law Advice Style Answer

Contract Law Advice Style Answer Arron and Tracy have entered into three different types of contracts. Firstly, there is a contract for sale of goods between Tracy and HAL[1] for the purchase of the coffee machine. Secondly, there is a contract for service among Arron and Matthew for the decoration of the hallway. Then, there is a contract for sale of description between the Arron and the dog-seller for the purchase of dog. The contracts appeared to be consumer contracts, since they satisfied the requirements established under the Unfair Contract Terms Act[2]. Section 12[3] states that a person dealing under a consumer contract is when one party performed in the course of a business and not the other party. Moreover, the goods in consideration must be ‘of a type ordinarily supplied for private use’.[4] Section 2(1) of the Sale of Goods Act[5]states that for a consumer contract to exist there must be ‘a money consideration’. In application, it is clear that Arron and Tracy are consumers, whi ch are not acting in the course of the business, but we cannot say the same for the other parties. In the cases of Stevenson[6] and R B Customs[7], the term ‘in the course of a business’[8] is wisely explained, it is clear that the other parties who contracted with them are included. THE LUXURY COFFEE MACHINE* The purchase of the luxury coffee falls under the implied terms of s. 14 SGA[9], which says that the goods supplied must be of â€Å"satisfactory quality†. Under S.14 (2A)[10], the test is that of ‘a reasonable person’ would regard as satisfactory. Thus, when the coffee machine was bought no one will expect it to burn hands and to be unsafe (considering the criteria in s.14 (2B)[11] of the act. Here, it includes safety as per s.14 (2B) (d)[12]. Indeed, the General Product Safety Regulations 2005[13] has included electrical equipment as having a requirement to be safe, by being properly insulted. However, this is not the case when the coffee machine becomes too hot which is clearly unsafe. It is clear though that s.14[14] is in breached since the product supplied burnt hands by becoming too hot. Consequently, Tracy can return or ask for a refund of the price ( £150) and damages. Nevertheless, in order to entitle to this, it must be established that Tracy has not â€Å"accepted† the product. Otherwise, if it has taken place the remedy is damages only which will be under s.11 (4).[15] Furthermore, s.35 (4)[16] says that acceptance occurred when a buyer retain the goods for a certain period of time without intimating to the seller that she rejected it. The question of time had an extensive discussion about how long and what actually is a reasonable time. It was first established under the case of Bernstein[17], under which there was a maximum of 3 weeks. However, it was later replaced by Clegg[18] the actual law which provides a period of 7 months. In application, Tracy is visibly within the time limit, as she rejected the offer when she returns the coffee machine back to HAL. Furthermore, since Tracy paid the coffee machine with her credit card, she may have additional rights under the Consumer Credit Act 1974[19]. In fact, she enters into a consumer credit agreement which is defined under s.8 (1)[20] as an agreement between an individual and the creditor by which the creditor provides the debtor with credit of any amount. In application, this is the case when Tracy paid the product with her credit card define as ‘financial accommodation’ under s.9[21]. It was a regulated consumer credit agreement under s.8 (3)[22] as it was not an exempt agreement. It also constitutes a restricted use, according to the situation in the problem as per s.11 (b)[23] and a running account as per s.10 (1) (a)[24].Consequently, as the product is purchase with a credit card, there is a D-C-S agreement under s.12 (b)[25]; debtor: Tracy, creditor: Barclaycard and the supplier: HAL .In such a case, where there is a faulty product, which is the case Tracy has a ‘ like claim’ against the credit card company under s.75[26]. HAL and the credit card company are ‘jointly and severally liable’ for the aforementioned breach of S.14 SGA[27]. Therefore, Tracy has a claim against both HAL and Barclaycard. Indeed, if the claim against the shop is unsuccessful, then she is entitled to use s.75 as a shield. Furthermore, even if Vicky is not a party to the contract she might have a claim against HAL since the privity of contract was overcome by the narrow rule of Lord Atkin in the case of Donoghue v Stevenson.[28] Despite the fact, that she could claim under negligence it will be best to sue under Consumer Protection Act[29] since there is a strict liability. Vicky might claim a civil liability under Part I of CPA[30] which covered damage or personal injury caused by the faulty products, when her arm is burn. The coffee machine is defective as per s.3, since no one will generally expect the coffee machine to become too hot and unsafe. Therefore, she will be able to sue for damages. Moreover, there may be a potential criminal liability under Part II of CPA which covered damage caused by unsafe product. Certain goods need to satisfy the safety requirement under s.11 (1)[31]. Therefore, a failure to meet the safety regulations is a breach under s.12[32], but unless the product supply is unsafe which here is visibly the case. Additionally, HAL will try to rely on the exclusion clause. In order to be effective, the clause needs to satisfy certain legal rules. When Tracy went to return the coffee machine, she was pointed a notice which states â€Å"Sale items cannot be returned†. Applying the case of Olley[33], which established that for a notice to be incorporated it need to be before or at the time of the contract. Since, Tracy could not remember having seen the notice before; it is very likely that there clause was not incorporated. Even if the clause was valid, it will not make a difference because s6 (1) UCTA states that liability in consumer contract for breach of s.14[34] cannot be excluded. MATTHEW, THE DECORATOR* The contract between Arron and Matthew is governed by the Supply of Goods and Services 1982[35] since the substance of the contract is based on services. The SGSA[36] consist of two parts; Part 1 consists of the quality of goods supplied under the contract for the services and Part 2 is about the supply of services Under Part 1, there is an implied term that goods supplied on the part of the act to be of satisfactory quality and fit for purpose under s.4. This section mirror the provisions contain within s.14 (2A) and (2B) of SGA[37]. It should be noted that there is no provision equivalent to s11 (4) and s.35. Therefore, generally when Arron buys the wallpaper guaranteed to last 10 years he will expect the product to be of satisfactory quality and to durable as per the other relevant circumstances under s.4 (2A)[38] which mirror the provision of s.14 (2B) (e)[39]. But this was not the case when the wallpaper falls off the wall after six weeks. Unlike Part 1, which implied term concern the goods, Part 2 implies following terms concerning the supply of services. Contrarily, to Part 1 it is possible to exclude liability, under s.11 UCTA for breach under the service part of the contract. A contract for supply of services is defined under s12[40] as â€Å"a contract under which a person (the supplier) agrees to carry out a service.† Under Part 2 there is an implied term under s.13[41] that the services provided by the supplier will be carried out within a reasonable care and skill. It should be noted that s.13 implies generally accepted to be innominate term as in Hong Kong Fir[42] by depriving the innocent party of the whole benefit of the contract. This is clearly the case here when ‘the wallpaper fall off.’ Applying Nettleship v Weston[43], there is no defence even if the person claims to have to their incompetent best. Under, Bolam[44] if the skilled conforms within the standard required is of a reasonable competent member of the relevant trade, he will not be liable due to others different views. As established in Philips[45] , the services must be carried out with such a care as within the capacity of his degree of experience which he claimed to have .He must have a level of skill of such specialist which he holds to Arron as in Grieves.[46]Therefore, when Arron employed Matthew, he expected t he work to be done with a reasonable care and skill and not be fall off within six weeks. Clearly s.4[47] and s.13[48] are in breached. Consequently, Arron will be able to ask for damages since rejection will be impossible. The claim for recovery of damages is for the poor service or poor quality of materials used in the contract term, it includes actual damages for the failure of wallpaper which has not be achieved it result by holding on the wall and consequential damages for the money which Arron will have to expense to repair the breach. In order to entitle to this, Arron must have taken reasonable steps to mitigate his loss suffered, which require acceptance of offer from the defendant to rectify the matter, like under the case of Payzu.[49]It is clear that mitigation of loss had occurred when Arron suggested to Matthew that he should properly do the work again. Hence, Arron will be able to recover for the damages since he gives the opportunity to Matthew to redo the work properly. Additionally, Matthew tried to rely on the exclusion clause, when Arron tells him that he should properly ‘redo’ the work. An exclusion clause is used by a party in order to restrict or limit liability in an event of a breach of contract or any other specified circumstances. But, for it to be effective three legal conditions need to be consider; the common law, the UCTA and the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contract Regulations 1999[50]. Under the common law, the clause must be incorporated and constructed. According to the scenario, the clause was incorporated by an express agreement since there is not enough information to state that a contract was signed between the parties. Therefore, it is very likely that the clause was incorporated. As for the construction of the clause, it must be established that in interpretation of the contract the clause cover the breach which has occurred. In application, the clause is constructed in a plain language but it does not cover the breach. Hereafter, the clause might not be hold as constructive by court. In addition, the statutory controls need to be considered. The legislation for exclusion clauses is governed by the provision under UCTA and UTCCR. The UCTA was created in order to protect the weaker party, for example the consumer. Under s.11(1), the reasonableness test need to be consider, under which the term must be fair and reasonable by including all circumstances ‘[†¦]which were or ought reasonable to have be known[†¦]’[51]. In the problem question, it is clear that the terms are not fair and reasonable since Matthew restricted the term of the contract for his own benefit and not for Arron (the consumer). He excluded all extra cost and loss arising out of the decorating services. The UTCCR will not be applicable due to lack of information about the presence of a contractual term or a standard form. Even if the exclusion clause is valid s.7[52]states that liability for consumer contracts for breach of s4 and s13 cannot be excluded. However, this liability can be excluded if satisfies the requirement of the reasonableness which is visibly not the case here. Arron might have a criminal liability against the producer for the commercial practices of the wallpaper through television advertising. The liability will be under Schedule 1 of the Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008[53]which replaced some consumer protection legislation; like CPA Part 3 or even the TDA[54]. He can claim liability for misleading actions under Regulation 5. It occurs when a misleading information lead the average consumer to make a decisive reason to enter the contract. In application, it is clear that it is the 10 years old guarantee, which encourages Arron to buy this specific paper. This commercial practice clearly distinguished the product from the competitor (para.3 (a) of reg.5), was obviously a main characteristic of the product (para.4 (b) of reg.5) which makes him make a decisive decision in buying this product rather than the others. PUPPIES* The buying of pedigree dog is governed by the SGA. However, the effect of the statement must first be drawn, by stating whether it is a puff, a representation, a term or a sale by description. The difference between these statements will be established. A puff is a ‘mere boast or unsubstantiated claims’ which are used by advertisers for their products and services .An example is the case of Carlill[55]. Representations or contractual term are statements made in course of negotiation for a contract. While, a term of contract define as outcome to pre-contractual negotiation between parties can be distinct in two types; implied and express. It could also be a sale by description under s.13 which implied term is that the goods must ‘correspond’ to the words used for the description of the goods. In application, it is clear that is a sale by description where the adverts states that the dogs are ‘pedigree dogs’ with ‘friendly temperature’. S.13 is breached as the description is inaccurate and that the dogs are crossbreeds, aggressive and snappy. There is a strict liability under s.13 and the remedy, will allow Arron to reject the good and receive damages. Next, Arron has paid the pedigree dog with his credit card; he may have a claim under CCA. Under the CCA, a D-C-S agreement is established, under s12 (b) consisting of the debtor; Arron, the creditor; the credit card company (Barclaycard) and the supplier (the dog-seller). It may be that has a claim under s.75 where the creditor is jointly and severally liable with the supplier for the supplier misrepresentation and for breach of s.13 SGA. If, the claim is not successful under SGA against the supplier, Arron will be to use s.75 as a shield. Criminal liability is regulated by the regulation 5[56] for the false information which deceived the consumers. The false statement of the advert may lead to a criminal offence under reg.5 CPUTR which prohibits false information to be applied on goods. S.2 (2) (a), states that goods includes the descriptions and details of animals as per there ‘sex, breed or cross [†¦]’[57].Under s.3 (1)[58] explains the term of â€Å"false to a material degree†. In application, it is clear that the advert the newspaper is a material degree and that there is a breached of Reg 5. 2515 Word Count*(Excluding titles) Bibliography Primary Sources Cases: Bolam v Friern Hospital Management [1957] 1 WLR 582 Bernstein v Pamson Motors [1987] RTR 384 Carlill v The Carbolic Smoke Ball Co Ltd [1893] 1 QB 256 Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 Grieves Co Baynham [1975] 1 WLR 109 Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co Ltd v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd [1962] EWCA Civ 7 Nettleship v Weston [1971] 2 QB 691 Olley v Marlborough Court Ltd [1949] 1 AII ER 127 Payzu Ltd. V Saunders [1919] 2 KB 581 Philips v William Whitely Ltd [1938] AII ER 566 RB Customs Brokers Ltd v United Dominions Trust Ltd [1988] 1 WLR 321 Stevenson v Rogers [1999] 1 All ER 613 Statutes and statutory instruments: Trade Description Act 1968 Consumer Credit Act 1974 Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 Sale of Goods Act 1979 Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 Consumer Protection Act 1987 Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulation 1999 Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008 Secondary Sources Books: Nicholas Ryder, Margaret Griffiths, Lachmi Singh, Commercial Law (Principles and Policy), (First published 2012,Cambrige) Michael Furmston and Jason Chuah, Commercial Law,(2th edn, Pearson 2013) Chris Turner, UNLOCKING CONTRACT LAW,(First published 2004,Hodder Stoughton) Chapters in Books: Michael Furmston and Jason Chuah, Chapter 4 ‘Sale of Goods’: 4.8 Defective goods, Commercial Law,(2th edn, Pearson 2013) pg. 192-201 Chris Turner, Chapter 6 ‘The Obligations under a Contract : Term 6.1.2: Types of representation and their consequences, UNLOCKING CONTRACT LAW,(First published 2004,Hodder Stoughton) pg. 111-116 Websites and Blogs: Which? Consumer Right ‘Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982’ (2014) http://www.which.co.uk/consumer-rights/regulation/supply-of-goods-and-services-act-1982>accessed on 19 March 2014 Financial Ombudsman Service , oombudsman news  » issue 31  » credit cards equal liability under section 75 of the Consumer Credit Act 1974 (sep 2003) http://www.financial-ombudsman.org.uk/publications/ombudsman-news/31/creditcards-31.htm> accessed on 25 March 2014 FindLaw UK, ‘Your rights under section 75 of the Consumer Credit Act’ http://www.findlaw.co.uk/law/consumer/consumer_credit/500520.html> accessed on 02 April 2014 BBC one Watchdog, ‘Supply of Services’(2014) http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006mg74/features/consumer-law-supply-of-services> accessed on 06 April 2014 Out-Law.com, ’Product liability under the Consumer Protection Act’ (last update 2011) http://www.out-law.com/en/topics/commercial/supply-of-goods-and-services/product-liability-under-the-consumer-protection-act/> accessed on 09 April 2014 [1] Home Appliances Ltd [2] Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977; UCTA [3] Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 [4] Section.12(1)(c) Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 [5] Sale of Goods Act 1979;SGA [6] Stevenson v Rogers [1999] 1 All ER 613 [7] RB Customs Brokers Ltd v United Dominions Trust Ltd [1988] 1 WLR 321 [8] Section 12 Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 [9] Section 14 Sale of Goods Act 1979 [10] Section 14 (2A) Sale of Goods Act 1979 [11] Section 14 (2 B) Sale of Goods Act 1979 [12] Section 14 (2B) (d) Sale of Goods [13] General Product Safety Regulations 2005;GPSR [14] Section 14 Sale of Goods Act 1979 [15] Section 11 (4) Sale of Goods Act 1979 [16] Section 35 (4) Sale of Goods Act 1979 [17] Bernstein v Pamson Motors [1987] RTR 384 [18] Clegg v Anderson [2003] EWCA Civ 1002 [19] Consumer Credit Act 1974;CCA [20] Section 8 (1) Consumer Credit Act 1974 [21] Section 9 Consumer Credit Act 1974 [22] Section 8 (3) Consumer Credit Act 1974 [23] Section 11 (b) Consumer Credit Act 1974 [24] Section 10 (1)(a) Consumer Credit Act 1974 [25] Section 12 (b) Consumer Credit Act 1974 [26] Section 75 Consumer Credit Act 1974 [27] Section 14 Sale of Goods Act 1979 [28] Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 [29] Consumer Protection Act 1987:CPA [30] Consumer Protection Act 1987 [31] Section 11 (1) Consumer Protection Act 1987 [32] Section 12 Consumer Protection Act 1987 [33] Olley v Marlborough Court Ltd (1949) 1 ALL ER 127 [34] Section 14 Sale of Goods Act 1979 [35] Supply of goods and Services Act 1982; SGSA [36] Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 [37] Sale of Goods Act 1979 [38] Section 4 (2A) Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 [39] Section 14(2B)(e) Sale of Goods Act 1979 [40] Section 12 Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 [41] Section 13 Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 [42] Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co Ltd v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd [1962] EWCA Civ 7 [43] Nettleship v Weston [1962] 2 QB 691 [44] Bolam Fried Hospital Management [1957] 1 WLR 582 [45] Philips v William Whitely Ltd [1938] 1 ALL ER 566 [46] Grieves Co v Baynham [1975] QB 644 [47] Section 4 Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 [48] Section 13 Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 [49] Payzu Ltd v Saunders [1919] 2 KB 581 [50] Unfair Terms in Consumer Contract Regulations 1999; UTCCR [51] S.11(1) of Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 [52] Section 7 Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 [53] Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008; CPUTR [54] TDA:Trade Description Act 1968-largely repealed by CPUTR [55] Carlill v The Carbolic Smoke Ball Co Ltd [1893] 1 QB 256 [56] Regulation 5 of Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008 [57] Section 2(2)(a) of the Trade description Act 1968 [58] Section 3(1) of the Trade description Act 1968

Jackie Robinson: Breaking the Racial Barriers Essay -- Robinson Histor

Jackie Robinson: Breaking the Racial Barriers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On July 23, 1962, in the charming village of Cooperstown, New York, four new members were inducted into baseball’s Hall of Fame. As they gathered around the wooden platform, the fans reminisced about America’s national pastime. Edd Roush and Bill McKechnie, sixty-eight and seventy-four years old respectively, were two of the inductees that day (Robinson 142). They were old-timers chosen by the veterans’ committee. Bob Feller and Jackie Robinson, both forty-two, were youngsters by comparison. According to the rules of the Hall of Fame, a player must be retired for five years before he can be considered for induction. Both Feller and Robinson were elected in the first year they were eligible (141).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As Robinson received his plaque to take his place among the greats in the Hall of Fame, he said, â€Å"I’ve been riding on cloud number nine since the election, and I don’t think I’ll ever come down. Today everything is completeâ€Å" (Robinson 142). After the induction ceremony, an exhibition game between the Milwaukee Braves and the New York Yankees was to take place at Doubleday Field, where the sport had its beginnings. A sudden thunderstorm delayed the game, and after an hours wait it was cancelled. At this same time, picketers in the streets of Harlem were carrying signs saying, â€Å"Jackie, we love you as a ballplayer, but not as a spokesman for the Negro raceâ€Å" (143).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Just two days earlier at a banquet in the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City, many people had paid $25 a plate to show their admiration for Jackie as both a ballplayer and a representative of the Negro race as well. Some of the most distinguished figures in the nation were present this day and their praise was loud and long (Mann 187). Jackie had accepted without hesitation a challenge to break a prevailing color barrier in the national sport of America with complete knowledge of how much depended on him. Few men had ever faced such competitive odds when becoming a player in organized baseball. Despite criticism and opposition, Jack Roosevelt Robinson had truly come a long way from his poor beginnings as the grandson of slaves in Cairo, Georgia, to breaking the racial barriers in major league baseball by becoming its first black athlete and achieving hall of fame status. Jackie Robinson’s childhood was a struggle in family and financ... ...s and coaches can now be found in the dugout and a few black managers on third base. However, the great Dodger would most likely have kept pushing to see more racial diversity in baseball, particularly among the executive ranks. The Hall of Fame second baseman was never satisfied with second best. Works Cited Bontemps, Arna. Famous Negro Athletes. New York: Dodd, Mead and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Company, 1964 Brown, Avonie. â€Å"Jackie Robinson, Dodgers #42.† The Afro-American   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Newspaper Company of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Baltimore, Inc., 1997.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.afroam.org/history/Robinson/intro.html Robinson, Jackie. I Never Had It Made. New Jersey: The Ecco Press, 1995. Smith, Robert. Pioneers of Baseball. Boston: Little, Brown, 1978. â€Å"Soul of the Game.† The Sporting News, 2000.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.sportingnews.com/features/jackie/ TIME. Great People of the 20th Century. New York: Time Inc. Home   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Entertainment, 1996 Walker, Sam. â€Å"How Blacks View Sports in Post-Robinson Era.†(cover story)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Christian Science Monitor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1997: 1 Young, A.S. â€Å"Doc.† Negros Firsts in Sports. Chicago: Johnson Publishing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Company, Inc., 1963

Hot Cheetos

How flamin’ hot Cheetos affect the body The topic of my research project is â€Å"How Flamin’ Hot Cheetos affect the body†. There are many ways flamin’ hot Cheetos can affect your body. Basically my research explains ways that flamin’ hot Cheetos could possibly affect you, but not necessarily happen. Flamin’ hot Cheetos are categorized as any other junk food, but is said to be very addictive and can cause ulcers and inflammation in your body. Everyone loves flamin’ hot Cheetos right?But have we ever once stopped to wonder how Cheetos affect our body? Because children and teens have taken such a strong liking to the high-caloric snack, nutritionists and other health professionals are concerned about the unhealthy habit. One ounce of Flamin' Hot Cheetos — about 21 pieces — is about 160 calories, including 17 percent of the daily suggested serving for fat and 8 percent of serving for saturated fat. It also contains 250 mg â €” or 10 percent of the daily value — of sodium. That doesn't sound so bad.However, the snack often comes in bags that offer two or more serving sizes of Cheetos, which offer almost no dietary fiber or protein. The â€Å"new bigger size† bag of Flamin' Hot Cheetos contains 3 3/4 oz. , or nearly 680 calories, 44 grams of fat, and 40 percent of days recommended sodium, according to the package nutritional label. Hot Cheetos are very spicy and stain your lips and fingers red. The spice increases stomach acidity, so children get stomach aches, sometimes so terrible they're doubled over in pain.Because the spicy snack contains a lot of red food dye, it can turn the stools of people who eat large amounts of Cheetos red or orange. So even though we might eat some foods with red food dye in them regularly, our stool doesn't usually become discolored unless you eat huge amounts of it. Flamin' Hot Cheetos is one food that people will eat enormous amounts of and will see a ch ange in their stool color. On top of the artificial coloring and flavoring, some experts say the Cheetosare â€Å"hyperpalatable,† meaning they’re highly addictive.Additionally, scientists, researchers, and nutritionists all fear that, because it is a processed food, the â€Å"hyper-palatable† combination of the Flamin' Hot Cheetos' fat, salt, and spiciness could potentially make it hard for people to stop eating the snack. Some research suggests foods high in fat and salt trigger areas in the brain linked to addiction. Our brain is really hardwired to find things like fat and salt really rewarding and now we have foods that have them in such high levels that it can trigger an addictive process.Why do we crave fatty foods you ask? Many people choose fatty foods as comfort foods when bored, stressed or upset. Comfort eaters may reach for familiar fatty foods or foods that remind them of better times. Eating fatty foods may become a distraction from your problems. Fatty food cravings may be largely a matter of habit. People often experience food cravings because they're accustomed to eating certain types of food in certain situations or in response to certain emotional cues.If you have the habit of eating fatty foods, then when you get hungry you'll start to crave fatty foods out of habit. Kids are particularly susceptible because they are still developing, and some researchers are finding craving levels in Cheetos-lovers similar to those of people addicted to drugs. To tell patients to stop eating the snacks is almost like talking to smokers about quitting smoking. The patients really don't want to hear that. Flamin’ Hot Cheetos are being outlawed in some schools because they’re â€Å"highly addictive†.Hot Cheetos are bad because in the long run it can cause gastritis, inflammation of the stomach, it can cause ulcers. Some kids even ten or eleven years old have ulcers in their stomach because of this snack. Flamin' Hot Cheetos have an aura of danger which fuels their wild popularity  with kids. When it comes to addictiveness and poor nutritional quality, Flaming Hot Cheetos is your snack. I’m not saying Flamin’ Hot Cheetos is the worst snack ever, but it definitely isn’t the healthiest. A serving or two is okay every now and again, but don’t eat them every day.They affect your body more than you think. You might not see it now, but you will. I would recommend this snack to others to eat every once in a while, but I don’t think anyone should eat them all the time. The calories and salt in this snack is outrageous. Watch out because it is a delicious and addictive snack. It might make you a victim of its tricky and surprising addiction. How do flamin’ hot Cheetos affect the body? Sierra branch 1st period December 17, 2012 Work cited page www. cbsnews. com/†¦ flamin-hot-cheetos-under-fire-from-schools/ fox4kc. com/†¦ /report-flamin-hot-Cheetos-cau sing-some-panicked www. huffingtonpost. com/†¦ /flamin-hot-cheetos-banned-california www. girlslife. com/†¦ /Hands-off-Schools-ban-Flamin-Hot-Cheetos abcnews. go. com/†¦ /schools-take-aim-at-popular-flamin-hot-cheetos/ www. webpronews. com/flamin-hot-cheetos-banned-from-schools-20 www. gurl. com/2012/10/18/flamin-hot-cheetos-addictive/ www. businessinsider. com/flamin-hot-cheetos-2012-10 www. foodfacts. com/NutritionFacts/†¦ /Cheetos-Flamin-Hot

Periscope Inventors Sir Howard Grubb and Simon Lake

Periscope Inventors Sir Howard Grubb and Simon Lake A periscope  is an optical device for conducting observations from a concealed or protected position. Simple periscopes consist of reflecting mirrors and/or prisms at opposite ends of a tube container. The reflecting surfaces are parallel to each other and at a 45 ° angle to the axis of the tube. The Military This basic form of periscope, with the addition of two simple lenses, served for observation purposes in the trenches during  World War I. Military personnel also use periscopes in some  gun turrets. Tanks  use periscopes extensively: They allow military personnel to check out their situation without leaving the safety of the tank. An important development, the  Gundlach rotary periscope, incorporated a rotating top, allowing a tank commander to obtain a 360-degree field of view without moving his seat.  This design, patented by  Rudolf Gundlach  in 1936, first saw use in the  Polish  7-TP  light tank (produced from 1935 to 1939).   Periscopes also  enabled soldiers to see over the tops of trenches, thus avoiding exposure to enemy fire (especially from snipers).  During  World War II, artillery observers and officers used specifically-manufactured periscope binoculars with different mountings. More complex periscopes, using  prisms  and/or advanced fiber optics instead of mirrors, and providing magnification, operate on  submarines  and in various fields of science. The overall design of the classical submarine periscope is very simple: two telescopes pointed into each other. If the two telescopes have different individual magnification, the difference between them causes an overall magnification or reduction.​ Sir Howard Grubb   The Navy attributes the invention of the periscope (1902) to Simon Lake and the perfection of the periscope to Sir Howard Grubb. For all its innovations,  USS Holland  had at least one major flaw; lack of vision when submerged. The submarine had to broach the surface so the crew could look out through windows in the conning tower. Broaching deprived the Holland of one of the submarine’s greatest advantages – stealth. Lack of vision, when submerged, was eventually corrected when Simon Lake used prisms and lenses to develop the omniscope, forerunner of the periscope. Sir Howard Grubb, a designer of astronomical instruments, developed the modern periscope that was first used in Holland-designed British Royal Navy submarines. For more than 50 years, the periscope was the submarine’s only visual aid until underwater television was installed aboard the nuclear-powered submarine  USS Nautilus. Thomas Grubb (1800-1878) founded a telescope-making firm in Dublin. Sir Howard Grubbs father was noted for inventing and constructing machinery for printing. In the early 1830s, he made an observatory for his own use equipped with a 9-inch (23cm) telescope. Thomas Grubbs youngest son Howard (1844-1931) joined the firm in 1865, under his hand the company gained a reputation for the first-class Grubb telescopes. During the First World War, demand was on Grubbs factory to make gunsights and periscopes for the war effort and it was during those years that Grubb perfected the periscopes design.

Successful Painting Arcrylics essays

Successful Painting Arcrylics essays Ching Hao once said, "There are six essentials in painting. The first is called spirit; the second , rhythm; the third, thought; the fourth, scenery; the fifth, the brush; and the last is the ink." This brings us to the three main steps to a successful acrylic painting: planning, preparing, and painting, to include all six of the essential elements. The first step to painting with acrylics is planning. Deciding what to paint is the first step of planning for most. Sometimes inspiration comes from just wanting to paint and then deciding what to paint or seeing something first and then deciding to paint it. A small minority of artists simply pick up a brush and start painting without any plan of action. Sometimes this method leads to disastrous results, but the artist usually develops a plan as they go along, eventually acquiring a subject for their piece. For the beginner though, picking a subject or scene is usually the best idea. Once an idea or subject is acquired, sketching it is the next step so that a clearer view can be attained as well as working out any problems with proportion or details. After a sketch is drawn and possible problems worked out, a workplace needs to be found. It needs to be quiet with minimal distractions and a place where there is no danger of your easel being knocked over. It is also a go od idea if it is a place that is easy to clean or doesn't matter if paint gets on the surrounding surfaces. The next main step is preparation. For this step the workplace need to be prepared, for example, plastic laid on the floor or surrounding objects that shouldn't get paint on them. The canvas size you wish to use also needs to be brought to the workplace, as well as brushes and paint. Paper towels, a water bowl and water are also necessary to have for cleaning and using different colors for the same brush. The next step is preparing the canvas. For acrylics there r ...

Theory & Practice in Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Theory & Practice in Management - Essay Example This is due to cultural diversity that can be well explained by Hofstede’s cultural dimensions which include individualism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance index etc (Hofstede, 2005 p 26). This essay is an evaluation of the various roles of a manager and their importance to organizations. As a manger, one is entrusted with various roles which are meant to enhance the progress and smooth running of a business thus facilitating a favorable environment for business progress as well as harmonizing business operations (Pareek, 2000 p 12). The roles include for example supervising and managing staff. In every department in an organization, there must be someone in charge of ensuring that employees perform their responsibilities according to their job description. This is due to the fact that there are those employees who cannot perform unless there is someone senior supervising them (Pareek, 2000 p 20). If this is not done, the organization would lose a lot in terms of time due to the reluctance of the staff to deliver the expected results within the required time frames. In this context, the manager has the responsibility of ensuring that any staff that shows indiscipline is punished according to the organization’s ethics code. The manager also has the responsibility of assigning duties to the various employees so as to ensure that they do not stay idle at any one time (Christiansen, 2002 p 30). He also has the authority of hiring and firing staff depending on there is need to reduce or increase their number may be due to the increase or reduction of the amount of work. This ensures there is a balance between income and expenditure which correlates highly with production. A manager also has the role of advising his employer on the various strategies that can be made to increase production and standards of goods and services. As such, he is an agent of change (Pareek, 2000 p 32).

Creon and Antigone Being Stubborn In Antigone Essay

Creon and Antigone Being Stubborn In Antigone - Essay Example The play also shows how the gods mediate. Creon is punished for passing unreasonable rules. Key conflicts are also illustrated in the play. There is a conflict between the society and individuals. Antigone struggles against the authorities so as to reveal an unjust rule. This exposes a conflict between Antigone, Creon, and the communal customs that perceived that women are weaker than men and cannot participate in political decision-making. There is a conflict between two persons. There is a battle between Antigone and Creon, a representative of the state. Antigone also battles Ismene, who tries to convince her not to perform a burial ceremony for her brother. In addition, Creon quarrels with his son. Moreover, there is a conflict between the supernatural and the person, as Antigone’s household is cursed by the gods. The Antigone’s household fate causes their destruction. Finally, there is a conflict inside a person. For instance, in scene five Creon must relent even if he does not want. Both Creon and Antigone are tremendously stubborn. Their stubbornness causes their demise. Both of them are extremely independent individuals. Creon declines to accept anyone’s views except his own.